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605-655 Level|   Non-Math Related|         
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GMAT Club Olympics 2024 (Day 8): An archaeological excavation team wor 17 Jul 2024, 09:32
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The conclusion that the found building is a temple of God Luga hinges on only 1 fact - "The building also contained an altar on which were found the burnt remains of fish, most likely offerings to the concerned deity."
Out of all the options, only one option strengthens or we can say supports the conclusion based on 'presence of fish'.
If remains of fish are found along with an altar, it is possible that the building is a temple of God Luga.
Option E is suggested "For".

If we are to assume that 'Ancient Mesopotamian temples built in cities were almost always built in the “citadel”', this goes against the conclusion because the structure was found outside the raised and fortified “citadel” area.
Option B is suggested "Against".

­For - option E
Against - option B
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GMAT Club Olympics 2024 (Day 8): An archaeological excavation team wor 17 Jul 2024, 09:47
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My answer :-

For:- Fish were given as offerings almost exclusively to the God Luga.
Against:- Ancient Mesopotamian temples built in cities were almost always built in the “citadel”.
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For - Option 5
Against - Option 2

The not always built of mud bricks was close,
But the 5th statement was more obvious, that fish was given exclusively to lord Luga, is more obvious

2 - for against sys this was outside but in meso temples would be inside the citadel, thus a strong point
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GMAT Club Olympics 2024 (Day 8): An archaeological excavation team wor 17 Jul 2024, 09:57
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For the hypothesis (evidence supporting it):

Fish were given as offerings almost exclusively to the God Luga.
This proposition directly supports the theory that the building was a temple to the God Luga because it suggests a specific religious practice associated with this deity.

Against the hypothesis (evidence contradicting it):

Ancient Mesopotamian temples built in cities were almost always built in the “citadel”.
This proposition suggests that temples in ancient Mesopotamia were typically located within the fortified citadel areas, not in the "low town" areas where the temple in question was found. This would contradict the placement of the temple to the God Luga in a non-citadel area.

Ans E, B
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­For: Fish were given as offerings almost exclusively to the God Luga.THis explains the remains of fish and proves furthermore that it was a temple for the god luga

Against:Ancient Mesopotamian temples built in cities were almost always built in the “citadel” 
This would mean that the structure found is not a temple, and if it's not a temple, the structure can't be dedicated for a god but would have served another purpose
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GMAT Club Olympics 2024 (Day 8): An archaeological excavation team wor 17 Jul 2024, 10:18
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Buildings were rarely constructed with mud bricks in ancient Mesopotamia. - buildings could refer to any buildings. We are concerned about particular building
Ancient Mesopotamian temples built in cities were almost always built in the “citadel”. - out of scope
Some Mesopotamian buildings outside the “citadel” were also heavily fortified.- we are concerned about the building only
The altar was made of stone not commonly found in the region. - This weakens the belief
Fish were given as offerings almost exclusively to the God Luga. - This strengthens the fact that fish which were present on altar were kind of offerings (Strengthens)­
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Bunuel
An archaeological excavation team working on the site of an ancient Mesopotamian city found a temple structure theorized to have been a temple to the God Luga. The structure was located in the “low town” area, outside the raised and fortified “citadel” area, and built of mud bricks. The building also contained an altar on which were found the burnt remains of fish, most likely offerings to the concerned deity.

Select the proposition that, if true, would provide the strongest evidence For the theory that the building was a temple to the God Luga, and select the proposition that, if true, would provide the strongest evidence Against the hypothesis. Make only two selections, one in each column.


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­Given, 
Deduced the excavation = temple based on 
1) located in low town area outside of citadel and build of mud bricks
2) found fish as offerings

Statements:
1) Buildings were rarely constructed with mud bricks in ancient Mesopotamia. Do mud bricks = temple? Not strong for reason.
2) Ancient Mesopotamian temples built in cities were almost always built in the “citadel”. Always build in citadel - if not always then is it temple? Strong reason for against.
3) Some Mesopotamian buildings outside the “citadel” were also heavily fortified. Some = not conclusive, fortified = temple? Not strong for reason.
4) The altar was made of stone not commonly found in the region. Not commonly found = temple? Not strong for reason.
5) Fish were given as offerings almost exclusively to the God Luga. Offerings are exclusively to God = it is a temple? Strong reason for temple.
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GMAT Club Olympics 2024 (Day 8): An archaeological excavation team wor 17 Jul 2024, 10:27
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Bunuel
An archaeological excavation team working on the site of an ancient Mesopotamian city found a temple structure theorized to have been a temple to the God Luga. The structure was located in the “low town” area, outside the raised and fortified “citadel” area, and built of mud bricks. The building also contained an altar on which were found the burnt remains of fish, most likely offerings to the concerned deity.

Select the proposition that, if true, would provide the strongest evidence For the theory that the building was a temple to the God Luga, and select the proposition that, if true, would provide the strongest evidence Against the hypothesis. Make only two selections, one in each column.


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­Given, 
Deduced the excavation = temple based on 
1) located in low town area outside of citadel and build of mud bricks
2) found fish as offerings

Statements:
1) Buildings were rarely constructed with mud bricks in ancient Mesopotamia. mud bricks indicate temple? Not strong for reason.
2) Ancient Mesopotamian temples built in cities were almost always built in the “citadel”. Always build in citadel - makes us think is it temple? Strong reason for against.
3) Some Mesopotamian buildings outside the “citadel” were also heavily fortified. Some = not conclusive. Not strong for/against reason.
4) The altar was made of stone not commonly found in the region. Not commonly found = if it is rare then it means automatically that it is a temple? Not strong for/against reason.
5) Fish were given as offerings almost exclusively to the God Luga. Offerings are exclusively to God = it is a temple? Yes. Strong reason for temple.
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A) This fact does not connect to the deity Luga or temple practices; it only comments on the construction material.

B) weakens

C) Irrelavant

D) irrelvant

E) Strongest Support

For=E
Against=B
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GMAT Club Olympics 2024 (Day 8): An archaeological excavation team wor 17 Jul 2024, 10:50
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­Select the proposition that, if true, would provide the strongest evidence For the theory that the building was a temple to the God Luga, and select the proposition that, if true, would provide the strongest evidence Against the hypothesis.
Lets evaluate each options.

A. Buildings were rarely constructed with mud bricks in ancient Mesopotamia. - Irrelevant to both of them.

B. Ancient Mesopotamian temples built in cities were almost always built in the “citadel”. - Good option in against - If true, it challenges the location of the temple, making it less likely to be a temple dedicated to Luga.

C. Some Mesopotamian buildings outside the “citadel” were also heavily fortified. - Again irrelevant because this doesn’t specifically confirm or deny the building's function as a temple.

D. The altar was made of stone not commonly found in the region. - Side tracks - While unusual materials might be interesting, it doesn’t directly connect to the deity or temple function.

E. Fish were given as offerings almost exclusively to the God Luga. - Good option in For - This directly connects the altar's contents to the deity, strengthening the hypothesis that the building was a temple to Luga.

For - Option E and Against - B.
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GMAT Club Olympics 2024 (Day 8): An archaeological excavation team wor 17 Jul 2024, 11:08
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We are looking for an answer that strengthens the theory this temple was built for the God Luga and one that weakens. Lets look at the answer choices

"An archaeological excavation team working on the site of an ancient Mesopotamian city found a temple structure theorized to have been a temple to the God Luga. The structure was located in the “low town” area, outside the raised and fortified “citadel” area, and built of mud bricks. The building also contained an altar on which were found the burnt remains of fish, most likely offerings to the concerned deity."

Buildings were rarely constructed with mud bricks in ancient Mesopotamia.
-this is out of scope, while temples of the gods may have been built out of materials not consisting of mud, the article provides no insight to this so eliminate.
Ancient Mesopotamian temples built in cities were almost always built in the “citadel”.
-this information actually weakens the claim since it gives another reason for why this temple was places in the citadel and why it isnt actually a contributing piece of evidence for why this could be Luga's temple. Essentially, its arguing that this could be ANY temple
Some Mesopotamian buildings outside the “citadel” were also heavily fortified.
-out of scope, doesnt contribute much to the argument
The altar was made of stone not commonly found in the region.
-also out of scope, if the article mentioned Luga's temple having stone outside the region it would strengthen but for how the argument stands now its irrelevant
Fish were given as offerings almost exclusively to the God Luga.
-this strengthens the theory that this is Luga's temple because they found evidence of fish remains in the site. If Luga was primarily given fish for offerings this helps the theory
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GMAT Club Olympics 2024 (Day 8): An archaeological excavation team wor 17 Jul 2024, 12:33
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­We are given following information,
1. The structure was located in the “low town” area, outside the raised and fortified “citadel” area, and built of mud bricks.
2. The building also contained an altar on which were found the burnt remains of fish, most likely offerings to the concerned deity.

We need to find additional evidence  For the theory that the building was a temple to the God Luga and strongest evidence Against the hypothesis. This is strengthen and weaken question in disguise. 

Looking at options, 

1. Buildings were rarely constructed with mud bricks in ancient Mesopotamia.
Neither For nor Against. Even if we they were rarely constructed we cannot say anything about why that place can be temple or not. 

2. Ancient Mesopotamian temples built in cities were almost always built in the “citadel”.
This does provide support to go against hypothesis. Structure was found outside citadel area, but if most of the temples were built inside cities, this could potentially raise suspicion about validity of structure being a temple. Choose it for Against.

3. Some Mesopotamian buildings outside the “citadel” were also heavily fortified.
Neither For nor Against. No information provided about how fortification was related with temple.

4. The altar was made of stone not commonly found in the region.
Neither For nor Against. Maybe stones were imported for construction of temple or maybe it is not a temple. 

5. Fish were given as offerings almost exclusively to the God Luga.
This provides additional support to thoery of buliding being a temple to God Luga. If fish were given as offering exclusively to God Luga, then this place could definetly be a temple as burnt remain of fishes were found at altar. Choose it for For­
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1. Mud bricks does not establish anything
2. if temples were almost built on citadel, then this building on low town is unlikely a temple- AGAINST
3. other buildings out of scope
4. origin of the material is not in interst
5. If fishes were commonly offered, then remains of fish confirms the deity - FOR

Answer E & B­
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GMAT Club Olympics 2024 (Day 8): An archaeological excavation team wor 17 Jul 2024, 13:00
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Fish were given as offerings almost exclusively to the God Luga."

For the theory: This means that if we find fish offerings, it's likely a temple to the God Luga because only he got fish offerings. Since they found fish remains in this building, it supports the idea that it’s a temple for him.

2. "Ancient Mesopotamian temples built in cities were almost always built in the “citadel”."

Against the theory: This means that most temples were built inside the citadel. But the building we found is outside the citadel. So, if temples were almost always inside the citadel, finding one outside is unusual and makes it less likely to be a temple.
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GMAT Club Olympics 2024 (Day 8): An archaeological excavation team wor 17 Jul 2024, 13:55
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Bunuel
An archaeological excavation team working on the site of an ancient Mesopotamian city found a temple structure theorized to have been a temple to the God Luga. The structure was located in the “low town” area, outside the raised and fortified “citadel” area, and built of mud bricks. The building also contained an altar on which were found the burnt remains of fish, most likely offerings to the concerned deity.

Select the proposition that, if true, would provide the strongest evidence For the theory that the building was a temple to the God Luga, and select the proposition that, if true, would provide the strongest evidence Against the hypothesis. Make only two selections, one in each column.
 
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A -     Buildings were rarely constructed with mud bricks in ancient Mesopotamia.
Well, this building was. So this point neither supports nor weakens the theory.

B -     Ancient Mesopotamian temples built in cities were almost always built in the “citadel".
If this is true, then the building excavated would most likely not be a temple but some other structure. 

C -     Some Mesopotamian buildings outside the “citadel” were also heavily fortified.
This is irrelevent.

D -     The altar was made of stone not commonly found in the region.
Also, irrelevent.

E -     Fish were given as offerings almost exclusively to the God Luga.
Strengthens. Considering burnt remains of fish were found on the altar - the structure must be a temple for the God Luga.


For - E ; Against - B 
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GMAT Club Olympics 2024 (Day 8): An archaeological excavation team wor 17 Jul 2024, 14:42
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Bunuel
An archaeological excavation team working on the site of an ancient Mesopotamian city found a temple structure theorized to have been a temple to the God Luga. The structure was located in the “low town” area, outside the raised and fortified “citadel” area, and built of mud bricks. The building also contained an altar on which were found the burnt remains of fish, most likely offerings to the concerned deity.

Select the proposition that, if true, would provide the strongest evidence For the theory that the building was a temple to the God Luga, and select the proposition that, if true, would provide the strongest evidence Against the hypothesis. Make only two selections, one in each column.


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­Let's take a look at each option:

Buildings were rarely constructed with mud bricks in ancient Mesopotamia.

-> This is not relevant to whether or not the building was a temple, it doesn't provide evidence for or against and is just a general claim.

Ancient Mesopotamian temples built in cities were almost always built in the “citadel”.

-> This would provide evidence against the hypothesis since the temple in this case was found in the "low town" area, way from the "citadel", which would be unlikely for a temple.

Some Mesopotamian buildings outside the “citadel” were also heavily fortified.

-> This does not relate to the hypothesis as it talks about fortification, which is not related to the temple.

The altar was made of stone not commonly found in the region.

-> This is also irrelevant in determining whether or not the temple belonged to the God Luga so we can ignore this as well. 

Fish were given as offerings almost exclusively to the God Luga.

-> Since there was evidence found of burnt fish remains, this is provides evidence for the hypothesis as it links the burnt fish to the God Luga, suggesting the building was used as a temple.

Therefore, the answers are:

For: Fish were given as offerings almost exclusively to the God Luga.
Against: Ancient Mesopotamian temples built in cities were almost always built in the “citadel”.­
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­An archaeological excavation team working on the site of an ancient Mesopotamian city found a temple structure theorized to have been a temple to the God Luga. The structure was located in the “low town” area, outside the raised and fortified “citadel” area, and built of mud bricks. The building also contained an altar on which were found the burnt remains of fish, most likely offerings to the concerned deity.

Select the proposition that, if true, would provide the strongest evidence For the theory that the building was a temple to the God Luga, and select the proposition that, if true, would provide the strongest evidence Against the hypothesis. Make only two selections, one in each column.

Buildings were rarely constructed with mud bricks in ancient Mesopotamia.We are concerned about temple and we are not weakening the statement that the site is of Mesopotamia or not or who constructed the temple.
Ancient Mesopotamian temples built in cities were almost always built in the “citadel”.This is the strongest evidence against the hypothesis, as almost always temples were built in the citadel.
Some Mesopotamian buildings outside the “citadel” were also heavily fortified.Not relevant.
The altar was made of stone not commonly found in the region.We are not concerned about who made the temple and how it got made and what material used.
Fish were given as offerings almost exclusively to the God Luga.This is the strongest evidence for the hypothesis as fish was exclusive offering to God Luga .

ANS=DB
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GMAT Club Olympics 2024 (Day 8): An archaeological excavation team wor 17 Jul 2024, 15:14
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­Buildings were rarely constructed with mud bricks in ancient Mesopotamia.
Incorrect
The materials used in the construction does not reveal that it is a temple or that it is not. Neither for nor against option.

Ancient Mesopotamian temples built in cities were almost always built in the “citadel”.
Against option
The text "almost always" makes this the best against option because the building is outside the citadel. And if it is not a temple, it can not be the temple to the God Luga.

Some Mesopotamian buildings outside the “citadel” were also heavily fortified.
If the building is fortified or not is irrelevant here. Neither for nor against option.

The altar was made of stone not commonly found in the region.
Incorrect
The use of rare materials does not reveal that it is a temple or that it is not. Neither for nor against option.

Fish were given as offerings almost exclusively to the God Luga.
For option
If the fishes were offerings and these were offered almost exclusively to the God Luga, the building must be the temple to the God Luga.
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GMAT Club Olympics 2024 (Day 8): An archaeological excavation team wor 17 Jul 2024, 16:49
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Buildings were rarely constructed with mud bricks in ancient Mesopotamia.
NEITHER
this is neutral because maybe temples (a type of building) were constructed with this material and other type of building rarely with mud and bricks. We can not infer this from the text

Ancient Mesopotamian temples built in cities were almost always built in the “citadel”. Against
The phrase "almost always" gives a strong support to infer that the construction find outside citadel is less likely to be a temple.

Some Mesopotamian buildings outside the “citadel” were also heavily fortified.
NEITHER
it also gives more information about the context on Mesopotamia regarding buildings

The altar was made of stone not commonly found in the region.
NEITHER
this doesn't help to support if the building was a temple to God Luga as in the text doesn't mention anything about the relation of the material of the altar with the God Luga

Fish were given as offerings almost exclusively to the God Luga. For
This helps to support that this building could have been used as a temple to God Luga as offering fish was almost exclusively to him.­
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GMAT Club Olympics 2024 (Day 8): An archaeological excavation team wor 17 Jul 2024, 17:09
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The paragraph explains that the discovered site in the low town area of an ancient Mesopotamian city is said to be a temple to the God Luga that has an altar where burnt fish were found and supposed to be an offering to the god.

The statement Ancient Mesopotamian temples built in cities were almost always built in the “citadel”. weakens the hypothesis because it means the site is probably not a temple since it was found in the lower area and not in the citadel.

The statement Fish were given as offerings almost exclusively to the God Luga. strengthens the hypothesis since the fish found at the altar most probably is an offering to the god and therefore supports the hypothesis of the site being a temple.­
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