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Re: Research studies have documented that chicken eggs are a [#permalink]
I would go with A. My reasons for:

Not B, since writer says that the "study showed that acute exposure to cell phone radiation", means that the radiation was already acute during the study with the setup of 21-day and 6 cms distance.

Not C, as it says avoid 6cm distance radiation "at any time during the pregnancy". But the study shows the damage was done after 21-day radiation exposure. So I would conclude A rather then concluding C.
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Re: Research studies have documented that chicken eggs are a [#permalink]
A:
B: No Good. This is not stated in the passage.
C: This option is about cell phones. "Radiation" word is missing
D: This is not there in the authors argument. Author has not mentioned anything like this
E: Far Fetched.

This is my logic. Initially, i didn't liked option A. After POE i was left with only A.
A sounds more of a suggestion. Which the author may or may not like to give.
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Re: Research studies have documented that chicken eggs are a [#permalink]
Source and official answer please ?
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Re: Research studies have documented that chicken eggs are a [#permalink]
Though if choosing between A and C...But C is going to extreme...Focuses in the 6 cms...So i'll choose A...
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Re: Research studies have documented that chicken eggs are a [#permalink]
And I thought suggestion type answer choices are almost always wrong on the GMAT :(

The inference I came up with after pre thinking:
Continuous exposure of cell phone radiations may lead to increased incidence of birth defects in human fetus

After POE I'm left with A.

Expert guidance please!! Can suggestion type answer choices ever correct on GMAT?
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Re: Research studies have documented that chicken eggs are a [#permalink]
My choice is A. My explanation is same with others
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Re: Research studies have documented that chicken eggs are a [#permalink]
mbaMission wrote:
Research studies have documented that chicken eggs are a good proxy to show the effects of various substances on human fetuses. The results of a new study showed that acute exposure to cell phone radiation caused an increased incidence of birth defects in chickens. The eggs were exposed to cell phone radiation continuously throughout the 21-day incubation period from an emission source placed 6 centimeters away from each egg.

Which of the following can be logically concluded from the above passage?
*Pregnant women should avoid excessive amounts of cell phone radiation in the vicinity of the womb.
*If the emission source had been placed closer to the eggs, the incidence of birth defects would have been even higher.
*Pregnant women should not allow cell phones within 6 centimeters of their abdomens at any time during the pregnancy.
*Radiation was the sole cause of the birth defects in the chickens.
*In this case, the results will not be relevant for humans because the primary consequence was thinning of the eggs' shells, which then resulted in the birth defects.

Pls help


I call this type of questions live scenario question. Because you must bring in assumption from your live scenario. Ofcourse it was never in the argument that pregnant women want less harm to fetus. Was it?

Wasn't the conclusion quite emotional?
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Re: Research studies have documented that chicken eggs are a [#permalink]
i was torn between a & e, but went w/ a.

however, i'd like to hear other ppl's takes on why to elim e (please not official explanation)
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Re: Research studies have documented that chicken eggs are a [#permalink]
I would go with D because logically that is what has been stated and option A seems like an emotional answer. little far fetched.
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Re: Research studies have documented that chicken eggs are a [#permalink]
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Vijayaravind wrote:
I would go with D because logically that is what has been stated and option A seems like an emotional answer. little far fetched.


D is nowhere near the correct answer. This is an INFERENCE question, so the answer need be 100% true.
- One of the main tricks the GMAT uses for Inference Q's is the use of EXAGGERATED LANGUAGE (seen in "D")
> D. Radiation was the sole cause of the birth defects in the chickens.
-> Really? the sole cause? What if there were other causes (not discussed in the passage) that also contributed meaningfully to child birth defects? Just b/c this wasn't addressed doesn't make it not true.
-> Also, if I'm picking holes here, (D) talks about radiation in general. WE ARE ONLY CONCERNED WITH CELL PHONE RADIATION.
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Re: Research studies have documented that chicken eggs are a [#permalink]
mbaMission wrote:
Research studies have documented that chicken eggs are a good proxy to show the effects of various substances on human fetuses. The results of a new study showed that acute exposure to cell phone radiation caused an increased incidence of birth defects in chickens. The eggs were exposed to cell phone radiation continuously throughout the 21-day incubation period from an emission source placed 6 centimeters away from each egg.

Which of the following can be logically concluded from the above passage?

A. Pregnant women should avoid excessive amounts of cell phone radiation in the vicinity of the womb.
B. If the emission source had been placed closer to the eggs, the incidence of birth defects would have been even higher.
C. Pregnant women should not allow cell phones within 6 centimeters of their abdomens at any time during the pregnancy.
D. Radiation was the sole cause of the birth defects in the chickens.
E. In this case, the results will not be relevant for humans because the primary consequence was thinning of the eggs' shells, which then resulted in the birth defects.

Source: Peterson

I took the question at face value. I think the answer is C. Eggs in their shell would be equivalent to a baby in the womb. I don't know if this answer is too direct.
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Re: Research studies have documented that chicken eggs are a [#permalink]
CaribenaMorena wrote:
mbaMission wrote:
Research studies have documented that chicken eggs are a good proxy to show the effects of various substances on human fetuses. The results of a new study showed that acute exposure to cell phone radiation caused an increased incidence of birth defects in chickens. The eggs were exposed to cell phone radiation continuously throughout the 21-day incubation period from an emission source placed 6 centimeters away from each egg.

Which of the following can be logically concluded from the above passage?

A. Pregnant women should avoid excessive amounts of cell phone radiation in the vicinity of the womb.
B. If the emission source had been placed closer to the eggs, the incidence of birth defects would have been even higher.
C. Pregnant women should not allow cell phones within 6 centimeters of their abdomens at any time during the pregnancy.
D. Radiation was the sole cause of the birth defects in the chickens.
E. In this case, the results will not be relevant for humans because the primary consequence was thinning of the eggs' shells, which then resulted in the birth defects.

Source: Peterson

I took the question at face value. I think the answer is C. Eggs in their shell would be equivalent to a baby in the womb. I don't know if this answer is too direct.


The passage says: "The eggs were exposed to cell phone radiation continuously throughout the 21-day incubation period".
Why would you think the answer should be: "Pregnant women should not allow cell phones within 6 centimeters of their abdomens at any time during the pregnancy."?
- I addressed this in the comment above -- this A/C is TOO EXTREME. The idea here is that OVER-EXPOSURE = BAD. Regular exposure may not be so bad -- we, the reader, cannot know.
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Re: Research studies have documented that chicken eggs are a [#permalink]
Vijayaravind wrote:
I would go with D because logically that is what has been stated and option A seems like an emotional answer. little far fetched.


A is perfect conclusion. C and D are not the conclusion of the argument.
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Re: Research studies have documented that chicken eggs are a [#permalink]
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Vijayaravind wrote:
I would go with D because logically that is what has been stated and option A seems like an emotional answer. little far fetched.


For people like me who think A and D are contenders

Line of thinking

The passage suggests X caused Y(radiation caused birth defects)..so we can assume its causal in nature and so Only X causes Y is implied by the author.

But notice the statement

The passage mentions that radiation caused "increased incidence of birth defects," and this means that --- some number were already occurring due to other causes.So be careful with TRAP wordings ..X increased means at least some X was there ..




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Re: Research studies have documented that chicken eggs are a [#permalink]
Expert Reply
prabsahi Be careful! Although you're right that "increased" implies that there could be other causes, it's also to important to note that "X caused Y" never implies "only X causes Y." If I say that moldy cake made me sick, I'm definitely not saying that moldy cake is the only thing in the world that can make someone sick! (If only good health were as simple as avoiding moldy cake . . . )
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Re: Research studies have documented that chicken eggs are a [#permalink]
DmitryFarber wrote:
prabsahi Be careful! Although you're right that "increased" implies that there could be other causes, it's also to important to note that "X caused Y" never implies "only X causes Y." If I say that moldy cake made me sick, I'm definitely not saying that moldy cake is the only thing in the world that can make someone sick! (If only good health were as simple as avoiding moldy cake . . . )



Thank you so much for clarifying this point.I had this doubt earlier as well.

So,here is my takeaway.

X led to Y or X caused Y model :


This doesn't necessarily necessarily mean its a causal relationtship and so the implied assumption only X causes Y can be false.

X leads to Y or X causes Y model.

This does necessarily mean its a causal relationship and so the implied assumption only X causes Y will be true!!
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Re: Research studies have documented that chicken eggs are a [#permalink]
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I'm afraid that's not right, either. Imagine that I changed the tense of my example and generalized: Moldy cake makes people sick. I could even make it 100% certain: Moldy cake always makes people sick. That still wouldn't tell us that we can't get sick any other way. To get an "only" causal relationship, we need to be told that directly:

Only X causes Y.

Y happens only as a result of X.

However, since the GMAT deals mostly with realistic situations rather than formal logic, I doubt you will ever see this on the test. It's very hard (one might say impossible) to find realistic examples in which we KNOW that only one thing could possibly cause a certain effect.
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