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29 Oct 2018, 19:33
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AsadAbu
If that were the case, we would have an and before the (new) final item. However, that is a question of meaning, and the meaning is not that the nation needs to do four separate things. And if you're wondering why that is not the meaning, we should really take another look at how we approach SC questions. More specifically, if we cannot take a call on something, we shouldn't just pick one possibility and go with it. For example:
1. He wants to join the army to serve his country.
2. He wants to join the army and to serve his country.
Here we can go on and on about whether we expect the meaning to be (1) that serving his country is logically related to his joining the army or (2) that he wants to do two separate things (serve his country in ways not necessarily limited to joining the army). I'd still go for the first one, as it just makes much more sense to introduce the reason for his intention. That is, army and serve go together really well, and I feel that it is unlikely that the sentence wants to introduce two possibly unrelated desires of the subject (and is not very good at establishing the relationship). However, although I do understand that a case can be made for (2) (as in any question that comes down to a meaning call), we should not support (2) just for the sake of playing devil's advocate.
The point here is that (2) is not among the five options! Instead, we have something (for example) similar to this:
3. He wants to join the army for serving his country.
Here is (1) again:
1. He wants to join the army to serve his country.
In such a situation (when one of the two options is clearly wrong), we should not get into whether variations of the correct option could exist. Whoever wrote that question picked one meaning and is not testing us on that meaning. That's enough for us to say that we're done with this question
31 Oct 2018, 02:03
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I'm having a hard time following all of your concerns, but I can assure you of a few things:
1) "The National Academy of Sciences" is the main subject and "has urged" is the main verb phrase. There should be no doubt about that at all. We have an initial modifier, then the main noun (NAS) and its verb.
2) Infinitives are verbs!
3) There are basically two ways to use the verb "urge." We can use it with a simple object, such as "I urge caution in this situation." However, this is the less common usage. The most common way to use "urge" is with an object and an infinitive: "I urge you to read this book." In this usage, the infinitive shows the action you want someone else to take. This is standard usage, and it applies to many verbs that involve an attempt to incite others to action (or inaction): "I beg you to help me." "I warned him not to send that email." "She told me to rewrite the proposal."
4) The meaning is that the NAS wants the nation to do the three things in the list. The third thing is to create an organization to take charge of security planning. Again, it's perfectly normal to use infinitives in this way. For instance, I can say "I have been meaning to ask my mother to take my dog to have her nails trimmed." There is nothing wrong with that sentence, except that my mother wouldn't want to deal with my crazy dog!
1) "The National Academy of Sciences" is the main subject and "has urged" is the main verb phrase. There should be no doubt about that at all. We have an initial modifier, then the main noun (NAS) and its verb.
2) Infinitives are verbs!
3) There are basically two ways to use the verb "urge." We can use it with a simple object, such as "I urge caution in this situation." However, this is the less common usage. The most common way to use "urge" is with an object and an infinitive: "I urge you to read this book." In this usage, the infinitive shows the action you want someone else to take. This is standard usage, and it applies to many verbs that involve an attempt to incite others to action (or inaction): "I beg you to help me." "I warned him not to send that email." "She told me to rewrite the proposal."
4) The meaning is that the NAS wants the nation to do the three things in the list. The third thing is to create an organization to take charge of security planning. Again, it's perfectly normal to use infinitives in this way. For instance, I can say "I have been meaning to ask my mother to take my dog to have her nails trimmed." There is nothing wrong with that sentence, except that my mother wouldn't want to deal with my crazy dog!
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31 Oct 2018, 04:41
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DmitryFarber
Thanks you DmitryFarber for your valuable response.
I need to have a bit clarification about the green part. Could you explain a bit on this green part? Do you want to mean that "asking my mother to take my dog" doesn't express any particular meaning? Do you wanna mean that the meaning of "ask my mother to take my dog" may indicates 2 things like below?
1/ my mother is going to take my dog to have her nails trimmed.
and
2/ "to take my dog" is the purpose of asking my mother.
Thanks__
situation. 
