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555-605 Level|   Business|   Long Passage|               
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For #3, it's important to recognize that all we have in terms of a central argument is the initial statement that manufacturers face a difficult choice between owning the producers and buying from independent producers. The author then goes back and forth, outlining advantages and disadvantages of backward integration (owning the producers). However, the second half of p2 and all of p3 are entirely about the disadvantages.

p4 presents a pivot, showing why it may not be great to move away from backward integration, despite its disadvantages. So the role of this paragraph in the passage as a whole is to show why the previous arguments may not lead to the conclusion one would expect--namely, a move away from backward integration. The meaning of "qualifies" here is "presents a limitation or exception to." When we qualify a statement, we're saying it is not universal or may turn out not be true under circumstances. For instance, if I say "I'm the best basketball player in my neighborhood--at least that I know of," that disclaimer at the end is a qualification of my original statement. (For another instance of this word in RC, check out Q1, answer B here: https://gmatclub.com/forum/it-is-an-odd ... 07145.html. People sometimes choose that answer, not realizing that it means the exact opposite of what they expect it to mean.)
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Note that A, C, and E are all wrong for more or less the same reason. The paragraph is not part of a series of statements all supporting the same point. If they were, p4 would have to go in the same direction as the other paragraphs, and the point would have to be that backward integration was good or necessary. However, since the other paragraphs show evidence AGAINST integration and the point is just that the choice is tough, we have a more nuanced situation. Imagine a passage stating that anyone who wants an mba will have to study hard. The first paragraphs show why you may not actually need to take the GMAT, but the later ones show that in that case, you have to take the GRE, which also requires a lot of study. The point is not "Take the GMAT" or "Take the GRE" but rather "You'll have to study either way." That's kind of the situation we're in. P4 is one part of a two-pronged argument.
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Which of the following best describes the way the last paragraph functions in the context of the passage?

A. The last in a series of arguments supporting the central argument of the passage is presented.

IMO the central argument of the passage is that "Modern manufacturers, face an increasingly difficult choice between owning the producers of these items and buying from independent producers. "

Option A does support the central argument that YES they face a difficult choice because moving completely away from backward integration is not good.
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Quote:
what does 'to qualify' mean in this particular case?
thanks.

Quote:
B. A viewpoint is presented which qualifies one presented earlier in the passage.
Dear Friend,

As pointed out, the key to answer this question lies in understanding the word "to qualifies".
I, also, did choose a wrong answer because I didn't know the meaning of "to qualifies" while attempting the question.

Qualify (as a verb) :-

Meaning 1 - To measure up, to achieve the required criteria.
Meaning 2 - To restrict something or to limit something.

Here "to qualifies" means that the last paragraph provides limits or issues of the argument provided in earlier paragraph.
Which is true as we know.

Thanks for your attention. I hope that it helped.

Regards
Gagan
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GAGAN121
Quote:
what does 'to qualify' mean in this particular case?
thanks.

Quote:
B. A viewpoint is presented which qualifies one presented earlier in the passage.
Dear Friend,

As pointed out, the key to answer this question lies in understanding the word "to qualifies".
I, also, did choose a wrong answer because I didn't know the meaning of "to qualifies" while attempting the question.

Qualify (as a verb) :-

Meaning 1 - To measure up, to achieve the required criteria.
Meaning 2 - To restrict something or to limit something.

Here "to qualifies" means that the last paragraph provides limits or issues of the argument provided in earlier paragraph.
Which is true as we know.

Thanks for your attention. I hope that it helped.

Regards
Gagan
Thanks GAGAN121!

For another example of this usage of "qualify", check out this post.
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Can anyone explain why 2 is B?

2 should be A IMO

"Independent suppliers may be unwilling to share innovations with assemblers with whom they are competing"
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Bunuel SajjadAhmad

Question 2's answer choice is WRONG. It is actually A

Look here: https://www.gmac.com/executive-assessme ... -questions
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PM
p1:To discuss decision to Backwards integrate
p2: state advantage of BI, but qualify with risks
p3: discuss risks of BI --> trade off on innovation
p4: describe the necessity of BI even when Innovation is needed.

Q1 - Detail
The answer to this is found in the last paragraph quite clearly actually.
"Developing innovative technologies requires independent suppliers of components to invest huge sums in research and development. The resulting low profit margins on the sale of components threaten the long-term financial stability of these firms."

This Matches up with Answer choice (D) perfectly.

A is incorrect because huge, not "modest" investments are required.
B is incorrect for the same reason
C is incorrect because low, not high, profit margins result
E is incorrect because the only relationship we are told is that of BI. We are merely told that contractual arrangements have the same financial benefits, but we don't know if they have the same financial requirements.

Q2 - Detail Inference
The answer is A - https://www.gmac.com/executive-assessme ... -questions
We are told in p2 "independent suppliers may be unwilling to share innovations with assemblers with whom they are competing..."

A is the only thing that can be supported.
B has a typo and B cannot be supported
C No- this is nowhere stated
D - Not supported
E - No. In fact independent suppliers would be the source of innovation

Q3 - Detail Except
Most of the benefits are listed or mentioned in p2
A - listed in p2 - "centralizes overhead" - incorrect
C - "removes need for some purchasing and marketing functions" - incorrect
D - I misinterpreted this as "reliability of source components" instead of "reliability of A source of components" - It is discussed in the last paragraph and acquisition is recommended, so this is incorrect.
E- mentioned in P2, so incorrect

B is correct - We are told "backward integration boosts profits" BUT not of the sale of the components, but rather the sale of the finished goods. The whole reason Manufacturers BI is to enhance the production of their good.

Q4 - Detail Inference
Refer to passage map above.
A - incorrect. The other paras don't function as arguments.
B - This is correct. In p3 the risks of BI are discussed, then in p4 we are told that we can't completely go without BI because of certain conditions (supplier reliability) - hence p4 serves to qualify earlier discussions.
C - no. A new contention is provided.
D - No. They aren't mentioned as points of departure and no mention of further study.
E - No specific example is provided. A general principle is stated to warn against completely moving away from BI.
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Bunuel SajjadAhmad

Question 2's answer choice is WRONG. It is actually A

Look here: https://www.gmac.com/executive-assessme ... -questions
________________
Edited. Thank you.
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Hi oasis90

The problem with B is that the manufacturers are not selling components - instead, they assemble the components into some final product and sell that final product. Components are an input to the manufacturers, so they wouldn't look at selling components as a source of profit.

Hi,

As per below sentence from passage.
"Where components are commodities (ferrous metals or petroleum, for example), backward integration almost certainly boosts profits."

Which profit is author talking about ?
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jennpt
Hi oasis90

The problem with B is that the manufacturers are not selling components - instead, they assemble the components into some final product and sell that final product. Components are an input to the manufacturers, so they wouldn't look at selling components as a source of profit.

Hi,

As per below sentence from passage.
"Where components are commodities (ferrous metals or petroleum, for example), backward integration almost certainly boosts profits."

Which profit is author talking about ?
GMATNinja MentorTutoring
Hello, Harsh2111s. Thank you for tagging me. To gain insight into what profits may refer to, we need to look at the passage for additional context:

Backward integration removes the need for some purchasing and marketing functions, centralizes overhead, and permits manufacturers to eliminate duplicated efforts in research and development. Where components are commodities (ferrous metals or petroleum, for example), backward integration almost certainly boosts profits. Nevertheless, because product innovation means adopting the most technologically advanced and cost-effective ways of making components, backward integration may entail a serious risk for a technologically active company—for example, a producer of sophisticated consumer electronics.

Up to the point in the paragraph at which profits are mentioned, we have read about manufacturers only. Thus, these profits must be attributed to manufacturers, and we are to understand that utilizing backward integration allows such manufacturers or companies to enjoy higher profits.

I hope that helps. If you have further questions, feel free to ask.

- Andrew
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1. According to the passage, all of the following are benefits associated with backward integration EXCEPT:

(A) improvement in the management of overhead expenses - mentioned in para 2
(B) enhancement of profit margins on sales of components - mentioned in para 2 but it boosts profit for commodities, for others, it is a risk- correct
(C) simplification of purchasing and marketing operations - mentioned in para 2
(D) reliability of a source of necessary components- mentioned in para 1
(E) elimination of unnecessary research efforts - mentioned in para 2

Hello

I was stuck between B and D. Unfortunately because of time constraint, I ended up choosing D. But, on revisiting the question at hand, I read through the last paragraph where it is explicitly stated that B lowers the profit margins. Through PoE, and the fact that D is the main idea, mentioned in para 1, you come down to B. Tricky one though, as one is required to skim through the entirety of RC to find the answer!

Hope my explanation helps!
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Quote:
3. According to the passage, all of the following are benefits associated with backward integration EXCEPT:

A. improvement in the management of overhead expenses
B. enhancement of profit margins on sales of components
C. simplification of purchasing and marketing operations
D. reliability of a source of necessary components
E. elimination of unnecessary research efforts

Hi IanStewart MartyTargetTestPrep GMATNinja DmitryFarber
carcass BrightOutlookJenn Bunuel dcummins

I can understand why B is answer. But I am still not convinced why D is not answer

Please check my thoughts:


Quote:
Developing innovative technologies requires independent suppliers of components to invest huge sums in research and development. The resulting low profit margins on the sale of components threaten the long-term financial stability of these firms. Because the ability of end-product assemblers to respond to market opportunities depends heavily on suppliers of components

Depends heavily on independent suppliers could be a disadvantage
in backward integration, they no need to depend on other suppliers but can be in house or through its purchased suppliers.

I need to find advantages of Backward integration ( 4 options)
Question: reliability of a source of necessary components is advantage for backward integration?
Irrelevant reason: If they do inhouse then they no need to depend on backward integration
Disadvantage reason1: Because they need to depend on their supplier and supplier could go out of business, so it is not in positive node to purchase supplier company so that assemblers can continue their business.
--> Tone from 1st line of last passage, For advantage , assemblers can not go completely away from backward integration due to their OBLIGATION.

How could D be benefit as mentioned in above reasons.

Please suggest
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3/4 correct.

3. According to the passage, all of the following are benefits associated with backward integration EXCEPT:

A. improvement in the management of overhead expenses
B. enhancement of profit margins on sales of components
C. simplification of purchasing and marketing operations
D. reliability of a source of necessary components
E. elimination of unnecessary research efforts

I wasn't able to eliminate C - simplification of purchasing and marketing operations

Acc to info in the passage, backward integration "removes need for some purchasing and marketing functions" - This does not mean simplification of operations.

Can you please help? GMATNinja
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Sneha2021
3/4 correct.

3. According to the passage, all of the following are benefits associated with backward integration EXCEPT:

A. improvement in the management of overhead expenses
B. enhancement of profit margins on sales of components
C. simplification of purchasing and marketing operations
D. reliability of a source of necessary components
E. elimination of unnecessary research efforts

I wasn't able to eliminate C - simplification of purchasing and marketing operations

Acc to info in the passage, backward integration "removes need for some purchasing and marketing functions" - This does not mean simplification of operations.

Can you please help? GMATNinja
“To simplify” means “to make something easier to do or understand.” If a company removes the need for some purchasing and marketing functions, that will reduce the overall amount of purchasing and marketing work that is done. With less work required, purchasing and marketing operations would certainly be easier.

For that reason, removing the need for some functions does mean simplification, and (C) can be eliminated.

I hope that helps!
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In the passage there are two viewpoints presented, and in Q4 correct option (B), it is unclear about which viewpoint it is talking about. It ambivalently calls for the "earlier" viewpoint but there are two viewpoints presented?
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lakshya14
In the passage there are two viewpoints presented, and in Q4 correct option (B), it is unclear about which viewpoint it is talking about. It ambivalently calls for the "earlier" viewpoint but there are two viewpoints presented?

Hi lakshya14,

Please refer the detailed answer here:
https://gmatclub.com/forum/modern-manufacturers-who-need-reliable-sources-of-materials-and-144471.html#p1419512

Meaning of "qualifies"
https://gmatclub.com/forum/modern-manufacturers-who-need-reliable-sources-of-materials-and-144471-20.html#p2340991



Let us know if you still have doubts.
Thanks.
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