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rohitchayal
I read in an e-gmat article where the author gave a litmus test stating
If the subject of the sentence is the doer of action represented by the verb+ed, then the verb-ed form is the acting as a verb

but in the question below
Our powers of color vision derive from cells in our eyes called cones, three types in all, each triggered by different wavelengths of light.

eyes cant be the subject of the sentence because it's in a prep phrase then how do we figure out that "called" is a verb ed modifier?

because the explanation the author gave was

"Did eyes do the action of calling? No. Hence, it’s a modifier."

And what about "triggered" how do we figure out if its a verb or a modifier?

I guess you are referring to this article:
https://gmatclub.com/forum/ed-forms-verbs-or-modifiers-134691.html

commenting on your example:
who did the call? who did the trigger? ---> where is the subject!!!?
called : the act of "calling" the cells as "cones" is done by "somebody not mentioned in the sentence" --> referring to scientists or lecturers
triggered: the act of "triggering" "each cone" is done by "wavelengths"

"called" is referring to which antecedent? ----> to the "cells" (so called is modifying "cells")
"triggered" is referring to which antecedent? ---> to "each" (so triggered is modifying "each")

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