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kchen1994
shaarang
In May 2003, a series of five granite ledges on the side of Cannon Mountain, known as "The Old Man of The Mountain," collapsed in the middle of the night due to centuries of repeated freezing and thawing, which opened a fissure in it so large that the stone became unstable and the formation detached from the cliff face.

A) due to centuries of repeated freezing and thawing, which opened a fissure in it so large that the stone became unstable
B) due to centuries of freezing and thawing, thereby opening a fissure in them so large that the stone became unstable
C) because stones were freezing and thawing for centuries, which opened a fissure in it so large that the stones became unstable
D) because of centuries of freezing and thawing, opening a fissure in it so large as to make the stone unstable
E) because centuries of repeated freezing and thawing had opened such a large fissure in them that the ledges became unstable

Source: Ready4GMAT

Got this correct, but please correct my thought process if you see flaws:
A) Centuries did not cause the collapse
B) same as A
C) centuries did not open a fissure
D) (didn't sound as good as E), but I believe "it" is incorrect here, since it was the ledges that cracked open. Also not parallel with the rest of the sentence.
E) Correct

Hi kchen1994,

I'm afraid your reason for eliminating A and B are incorrect. "centuries of" is merely a modifier and is placed correctly per my understanding. What makes A and B incorrect is the wrong use of "due to" to refer back to a verb such as "collapse". "due to" can only refer to nouns; to refer clauses or verbs, you need to use "because"

Eg. I was late to the meeting because of a 6 mile long traffic jam, which was due to a bush fire that has started nearby.

1) "because of" modifies the clause "I was late to the meeting"; the use of "due to" would be incorrect.
2) "due to" modifies "which", which modifies "traffic jam", which is a noun. This is correct.
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In May 2003, a series of five granite ledges on the side of Cannon Mountain, known as "The Old Man of The Mountain," collapsed in the middle of the night due to centuries of repeated freezing and thawing, which opened a fissure in it so large that the stone became unstable and the formation detached from the cliff face.

A) due to centuries of repeated freezing and thawing, which opened a fissure in it so large that the stone became unstable
B) due to centuries of freezing and thawing, thereby opening a fissure in them so large that the stone became unstable
C) because stones were freezing and thawing for centuries, which opened a fissure in it so large that the stones became unstable --> centuries is modified by relative pronoun "which"
D) because of centuries of freezing and thawing, opening a fissure in it so large as to make the stone unstable --> singular pronoun "it" refers to plural noun "ledges"
E) because centuries of repeated freezing and thawing had opened such a large fissure in them that the ledges became unstable -> correct
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Series of ledges = Plural. Leaves us with only two options B & E.
B uses stone became unstable - hmmm, Wait i thought it was ledges, now what is stone? Stones might have been OK but this answer is a bit strange and leaves room for ambiguity.
E uses ledges became unstable - clear and no room for ambiguity
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