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Re: About 5 million acres in the United States have been invaded by leafy [#permalink]
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 26 Dec 2017, 15:09
rma26 wrote: egmatI have a question. You wrote " The comma + verb-ing modifier displacing has been turned to simple present tense verb displaces. The comma + verb-ing modifier rendering correctly modifies the preceding action displaces, presenting the result of this action. Because the leafy spurge displaces grasses and other cattle food, it renders rangeland worthless. " But I thought in correct ssentence "rendering" modifies its previous clause's two actions that are "gives mouth.. " and "displaces". However, from your sentence it seems to me that only "displaces" is the reason.So I feel confused. If two verb are jointed by and, will modifier only modify last verb?! Posted from my mobile device Hello rma26, I apologize for answering this question so late. But as they say better late than never.  Per the rule, the comma + verb-ing modifier modifies the IMMEDIATE preceding action. So if there are two verbs associated with and, as we see in this official sentence, the comma + verb-ing modifier will modify the closest action. This is the reason why in this official correct sentence, comma + rendering... modifies the closest action displaces. Following correct official sentence is another example of the same usage: To map Earth's interior, geologists use a network of seismometers to chart seismic waves that originate in the earth's crust and ricochet around its interior, traveling most rapidly through cold, dense regions and more slowly through hotter rocks. Hope this helps. Thanks. Shraddha
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About 5 million acres in the United States have been invaded by leafy [#permalink]
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26 Dec 2017, 15:15
gwaitforitmat wrote:
Thank you for your brilliant explanation. I have a few questions which I can use your help with. My questions are mainly about verb-ing modifier.
In the wrong answer choice A, you pointed out that both displacing and rendering would refer to the action, in the preceding clause, gives. That leads me wonder why we cannot do the same for the following sentence, for which your team has offered excellent explanation.
As a result of record low temperatures, the water pipes on the third floor froze, causing the heads of the sprinkler system to burst, then releasing torrents of water offices on the second floor.
My question here is that why releasing cannot modify the action, similarly in the preceding clause, to burst. Especially as you mentioned that
"Verb-ing modifiers
1. When separated by comma modifies the preceding clause
2. When not separated by comma modifiers the preceding noun or noun phrase
"
My question is that which action or part of the sentence or which action the verb-ing modifiers refer to?
Looking forward to your reply.
Best regards,
Li
Hello gwaitforitmat, I apologize for answering this question so late. But as they say better late than never, Usage of the word then is very important in Choice D. It seems to suggest that some entity first caused something and then released torrents of water. This the reason why comma + releasing... does not modify to burst. Hope this helps. Thanks. Shraddha
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Re: About 5 million acres in the United States have been invaded by leafy [#permalink]
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26 Dec 2017, 15:29
thingocanhnguyen wrote:
Hi Shraddha,
Nice to read your answer. I also chose B because I have same logic with you, except the modifier " that gives mouth sores to cattle and displaces grasses and other cattle food". IMO, this modifier modifies for milky sap.
I don't understand why above modifier modifies for "leafy spurge". If we summarize the sentence, it should be "About 5 million acres in the United States have been invaded by leafy spurge with milky sap that gives mouth sores to cattle and displaces grasses and other cattle food, rendering...".
Please correct if I'm wrong. Thanks.
Hello thingocanhnguyen, I would be glad to help you with this one. Please pay attention the meaning of the sentence. Per he context of the sentence, we may think that the milky sap gives mouth sores to cattle. However, there is no confusion in understanding that leafy spurge displaces grasses and other cattle food. Now look at the structure of Choice B. The verb gives and displaces are parallel and must belong to the same subject. The subject for these two verbs is that. So logically, that must refer to leafy spurge because both the verbs make sense with this subject. It is absolutely logical to say that leafy spurge gives mouth sores to cattle, may be because of the milky sap it has. In addition, whenever that is used to modify the immediate preceding noun entity, it is NEVER separated with that entity with a comma. But in this choice, there is a comma between milky sap and that. Basically, both the modifiers - a herbaceous plant from Eurasia and with milky sap - are enclosed between commas because they just provide some additional information about the leafy spurge that are not crucial to core meaning of the sentence. Hence, the noun modifier that jumps over the preceding modifiers and modify leafy spurge. Hope this helps. Thanks. Shraddha
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Re: About 5 million acres in the United States have been invaded by leafy [#permalink]
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26 Dec 2017, 22:12
egmat wrote: thingocanhnguyen wrote:
Hi Shraddha,
Nice to read your answer. I also chose B because I have same logic with you, except the modifier " that gives mouth sores to cattle and displaces grasses and other cattle food". IMO, this modifier modifies for milky sap.
I don't understand why above modifier modifies for "leafy spurge". If we summarize the sentence, it should be "About 5 million acres in the United States have been invaded by leafy spurge with milky sap that gives mouth sores to cattle and displaces grasses and other cattle food, rendering...".
Please correct if I'm wrong. Thanks.
Hello thingocanhnguyen, Thanks for your explanation. I quite understand right now :D I would be glad to help you with this one. Please pay attention the meaning of the sentence. Per he context of the sentence, we may think that the milky sap gives mouth sores to cattle. However, there is no confusion in understanding that leafy spurge displaces grasses and other cattle food. Now look at the structure of Choice B. The verb gives and displaces are parallel and must belong to the same subject. The subject for these two verbs is that. So logically, that must refer to leafy spurge because both the verbs make sense with this subject. It is absolutely logical to say that leafy spurge gives mouth sores to cattle, may be because of the milky sap it has. In addition, whenever that is used to modify the immediate preceding noun entity, it is NEVER separated with that entity with a comma. But in this choice, there is a comma between milky sap and that. Basically, both the modifiers - a herbaceous plant from Eurasia and with milky sap - are enclosed between commas because they just provide some additional information about the leafy spurge that are not crucial to core meaning of the sentence. Hence, the noun modifier that jumps over the preceding modifiers and modify leafy spurge. Hope this helps. Thanks. Shraddha
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About 5 million acres in the United States have been invaded by leafy [#permalink]
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Updated on: 04 Jun 2018, 08:09
About 5 million acres in the United States have been invaded by leafy spurge, a herbaceous plant from Eurasia with milky sap that gives mouth sores to cattle, displacing grasses and other cattle food and rendering rangeland worthless.
A) States have been invaded by leafy spurge, a herbaceous plant from Eurasia with milky sap that gives mouth sores to cattle, displacing grasses and other cattle food and rendering
B) States have been invaded by leafy spurge, a herbaceous plant from Eurasia, with milky sap, that gives mouth sores to cattle and displaces grasses and other cattle food, rendering
C) States have been invaded by leafy spurge, a herbaceous plant from Eurasia having milky sap that gives mouth sores to cattle and displacing grasses and other cattle food, rendering
D) States, having been invaded by leafy spurge, a herbaceous plant from Eurasia with milky sap that gives mouth sores to cattle, displaces grasses and other cattle food, and renders
E) States, having been invaded by leafy spurge, a herbaceous plant from Eurasia that has milky sap giving mouth sores to cattle and displacing grasses and other cattle food, rendering
This is perhaps the worst official GMAT SC question I have ever seen: the OA of B is still the best choice due to verb parallelism / meaning issues, but it is wordy and horribly punctuated. Sometimes on the GMAT, the "best" choice is pretty darn far from the perfect version. My perfect version: About 5 million acres in the United States have been invaded by leafy spurge, a herbaceous plant from Eurasia with milky sap, which gives mouth sores to cattle, displaces grasses and other cattle food, and renders rangeland worthless. Also, in the 2018 OG the phrase "a herbaceous plant from Eurasia" is in italics in Choice B for some reason. -Brian
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About 5 million acres in the United States have been invaded by leafy [#permalink]
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02 Jun 2018, 20:20
GMATNinja wrote: Full disclosure: I totally got punked by this one during our last verbal chat. Join us for the next one! https://gmatclub.com/forum/verbal-chat- ... 78-20.html I mean, it's fun to see a guy with an 800 get embarrassed, right?   As some others have pointed out, this one is all about the intersection of structure and meaning. (And there are already some excellent explanations here, but, well, I promised to write one as penance, so here you go.) Quote: A. States have been invaded by leafy spurge, a herbaceous plant from Eurasia with milky sap that gives mouth sores to cattle, displacing grasses and other cattle food and rendering I really only notice two things in (A). "That gives mouth sores to cattle" seems to modify "milky sap", and I guess that's OK. But then at the end of the sentence gives us a pair of parallel "-ing" modifiers, "displacing grasses... and rendering rangeland worthless." And what do they modify? Hold that thought. We'll come back to that in a second. Quote: B. States have been invaded by leafy spurge, a herbaceous plant from Eurasia, with milky sap, that gives mouth sores to cattle and displaces grasses and other cattle food, rendering OK, so the added commas around "with milky sap" change things just a tiny bit: "that gives mouth sores to cattle and displaces grasses..." now clearly modifies "a herbaceous plant from Eurasia." Hm, that makes a lot of sense.And now "rendering" clearly modifies the preceding clause, "that gives mouth sores to cattle and displaces grasses and other cattle food." That also makes a lot of sense: rangeland is rendered useless by this evil plant that gives mouth sores to cattle and displaces their food sources. Back to (A), then: Quote: A. States have been invaded by leafy spurge, a herbaceous plant from Eurasia with milky sap that gives mouth sores to cattle, displacing grasses and other cattle food and rendering So wait: in (A), it's the milky sap that gives the mouth sores to cattle -- not the leafy spurge itself, as (B) would indicate. In that sense, (B) seems to be a slightly better choice. It's a bigger problem, presumably, if the entire plant gives mouth sores to cattle. More importantly: "displacing grasses and rendering rangeland useless", would generally modify the preceding clause. And that's pretty illogical in (A): "that gives mouth sores to cattle" has absolutely nothing to do with "displacing grasses." And in that sense, (B) is much clearer. So (A) is gone. And the rest are easier to eliminate: Quote: C. States have been invaded by leafy spurge, a herbaceous plant from Eurasia having milky sap that gives mouth sores to cattle and displacing grasses and other cattle food, rendering Parallelism in (C) is clearly wrong: "... and displacing grasses" is parallel to what, exactly? "Having milky sap", I guess? That's a mess. We can comfortably eliminate (C). Quote: D. States, having been invaded by leafy spurge, a herbaceous plant from Eurasia with milky sap that gives mouth sores to cattle, displaces grasses and other cattle food, and renders I really don't love "having been invaded" in this case. In general, "having + verb" needs to be the first of two actions, and that's just not happening here. (For more on this topic, see our last chat transcript.) Also, the parallelism at the end of the sentence isn't ideal: "... with milky sap that gives mouth sores to cattle, displaces grasses..., and renders rangeland worthless." The sap displaces grasses? That doesn't make sense. (D) is gone.Quote: E. States, having been invaded by leafy spurge, a herbaceous plant from Eurasia that has milky sap giving mouth sores to cattle and displacing grasses and other cattle food, rendering (E) is similar to (D): "having been" doesn't seem quite right, and "giving mouth sores to cattle" is parallel to "displacing grasses", suggesting that the milky sap displaces grasses -- and that doesn't make sense. (E) is gone, too, and (B) is our winner. egmat wrote: Hello hellosanthosh2k2, I apologize for answering this question so late. But as they say better late than never, The noun modifier that in the correct answer choice refers to a little far-away noun entity leafy spurge. Take a good look at the structure of Choice B. Whenever that is used to modify the immediate preceding noun entity, it is NEVER separated with that entity with a comma. But in this choice, here is a comma between milky sap and that. Basically, both the modifiers - a herbaceous plant from Eurasia and with milky sap - are enclosed between commas because they just provide some additional information about the leafy spurge that are not crucial to core meaning of the sentence.
Hence, the noun modifier that jumps over the preceding modifiers and modify leafy spurge.Please review our very famous article Noun Modifiers can Modify slightly far away noun to learn when noun modifiers can modify a slightly far-away nouns by clicking on the following link: https://gmatclub.com/forum/noun-modifiers-can-modify-slightly-far-away-noun-135868.htmlHope this helps. Thanks. Shraddha egmat wrote: Hello rma26, I apologize for answering this question so late. But as they say better late than never. Per the rule, the comma + verb-ing modifier modifies the IMMEDIATE preceding action. So if there are two verbs associated with and, as we see in this official sentence, the comma + verb-ing modifier will modify the closest action.This is the reason why in this official correct sentence, comma + rendering... modifies the closest action displaces.Following correct official sentence is another example of the same usage: To map Earth's interior, geologists use a network of seismometers to chart seismic waves that originate in the earth's crust and ricochet around its interior, traveling most rapidly through cold, dense regions and more slowly through hotter rocks.Hope this helps. Thanks. Shraddha mcelroytutoring wrote: This is perhaps the worst official GMAT SC question I have ever seen: the OA of B is still the best choice due to verb parallelism / meaning issues, but it is wordy and horribly punctuated. Sometimes on the GMAT, the "best" choice is pretty darn far from the perfect version. My perfect version: About 5 million acres in the United States have been invaded by leafy spurge, a herbaceous plant from Eurasia with milky sap, which gives mouth sores to cattle, displaces grasses and other cattle food, and renders rangeland worthless. Also, in the 2018 OG the phrase "a herbaceous plant from Eurasia" is in italics in Choice B for some reason. -Brian , GMATNinja , mikemcgarry , egmat , sayantanc2k, RonPurewal , DmitryFarber , MagooshExpert , ccooley , GMATNinjaTwo , mcelroytutoring , daagh , other experts -- please enlighten. 1.In OA - B , that modifies a herbaceous plant from Eurasia or leafy spurge? I understand that "THAT" CAN'T refer to "with milky sap" since its enclosed between commas. 2. The below is the perfect version stated by mcelroytutoring - About 5 million acres in the United States have been invaded by leafy spurge, a herbaceous plant from Eurasia with milky sap, which gives mouth sores to cattle, displaces grasses and other cattle food, and renders rangeland worthless. Is the parallelism here okay? 3. In OA- B, the verb-ing modifier rendering modifies the preceding verb displaces or both the verbs gives and displaces that are parallel ? About 5 million acres in the United States have been invaded by leafy spurge, a herbaceous plant from Eurasia, with milky sap, that gives mouth sores to cattle and displaces grasses and other cattle food, rendering rangeland worthless Please refer to highlighted parts of the answers quoted as it contains a few contradictory answers.
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Re: About 5 million acres in the United States have been invaded by leafy [#permalink]
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03 Jun 2018, 15:11
Skywalker18 wrote: AjiteshArun , GMATNinja , mikemcgarry , egmat , sayantanc2k, RonPurewal , DmitryFarber , MagooshExpert , ccooley , GMATNinjaTwo , mcelroytutoring , daagh , other experts -- please enlighten. Hi Skywalker18! Skywalker18 wrote: 1.In OA - B , that modifies a herbaceous plant from Eurasia or leafy spurge? I understand that CAN'T refer to "with milky sap" since its enclosed between commas. The sentence is saying: leafy spurge = herbaceous plant with milky sap. So "milky sap" is technically modifying "plant", which in turn is part of a noun phrase modifying "leafy spurge". Skywalker18 wrote: 2. The below is the perfect version stated by mcelroytutoring -
About 5 million acres in the United States have been invaded by leafy spurge, a herbaceous plant from Eurasia with milky sap, which gives mouth sores to cattle, displaces grasses and other cattle food, and renders rangeland worthless.
Is the parallelism here okay? Yes, the parallelism here works We can interpret "gives...", "displaces...", and "renders..." as all modifying "leafy spurge", and so the parallelism here is consistent and makes sense. Skywalker18 wrote: 3. In OA- B, the verb-ing modifier rendering modifies the preceding verb displaces or both the verbs gives and displaces that are parallel ?
About 5 million acres in the United States have been invaded by leafy spurge, a herbaceous plant from Eurasia, with milky sap, that gives mouth sores to cattle and displaces grasses and other cattle food, rendering rangeland worthless Here, "rendering" is modifying the whole phrase: "gives mouth sores to cattle and displaces grasses and other cattle food". I hope that helps! -Carolyn
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About 5 million acres in the United States have been invaded by leafy [#permalink]
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03 Jun 2018, 22:25
Thanks AjiteshArun for your inputs AjiteshArun wrote: Hi Skywalker,
1. The that refers to a herbaceous plant from Eurasia. It cannot refer to leafy spurge as we want a specific type of plant, not a specific type of leafy spurge (which happens to be the name of a particular thing). For example:
(a) ...farmland has been invaded by leafy spurge that affects cattle.
(b) ...farmland has been invaded by leafy spurge, a plant that affects cattle.
2. Yes, there is both ambiguity and loss of meaning in this version. The sentence is really trying to say that the plant does something, and as a result, renders something worthless. If we switch to a series of 3 verbs, the sentence will imply that the plant separately renders rangeland worthless.
3. Even though in this case it does makes sense to view the rendering... bit as being the result of the displacing of grasses and other cattle food, I am not aware of any rule restricting the impact of the ing to one specific element in the sentence.
Ajitesh MagooshExpert wrote: Skywalker18 wrote: 3. In OA- B, the verb-ing modifier rendering modifies the preceding verb displaces or both the verbs gives and displaces that are parallel ?
About 5 million acres in the United States have been invaded by leafy spurge, a herbaceous plant from Eurasia, with milky sap, that gives mouth sores to cattle and displaces grasses and other cattle food, rendering rangeland worthless Here, "rendering" is modifying the whole phrase: "gives mouth sores to cattle and displaces grasses and other cattle food". I hope that helps! -Carolyn 1. So whether a verb-ing modifier modifies only the preceding action or both actions will depend on the logic of the sentence ? e-gmat -->Per the rule, the comma + verb-ing modifier modifies the IMMEDIATE preceding action. So if there are two verbs associated with and, as we see in this official sentence, the comma + verb-ing modifier will modify the closest action. To map Earth's interior, geologists use a network of seismometers to chart seismic waves that originate in the earth's crust and ricochet around its interior, traveling most rapidly through cold, dense regions and more slowly through hotter rocks. In the above official example, the Verb-ing traveling only makes sense with the verb ricochet. 2. Also , in OA- B and in general , is it possible for a THAT modifier to jump across two modifiers , a herbaceous plant from Eurasia, with milky sap, ? I know that THAT modifier can jump when there is one modifier enclosed between two commas . I 'm looking for a TV, with a remote, that costs less than $200. -- here the comma before "THAT" isn't actually part of the main structure at all . It's used only to block off the modifier. About 5 million acres in the United States have been invaded by leafy spurge, a herbaceous plant from Eurasia, with milky sap, that gives mouth sores to cattle and displaces grasses and other cattle food, rendering rangeland worthless. AjiteshArun , GMATNinja , mikemcgarry , egmat , sayantanc2k, RonPurewal , DmitryFarber , MagooshExpert , ccooley -- please enlighten
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About 5 million acres in the United States have been invaded by leafy [#permalink]
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08 Jun 2018, 19:32
Let me simply say this: it's questions like these that make me feel better about having scored "only" 48/51 in Verbal ( 1 wrong) instead of a perfect 51. Not every GMAC official question is fully fair or perfectly written, especially on Verbal, and this "leafy spurge" question is a great example of that. Luckily, you can get around 5 wrong on Verbal and still earn a 96% score of V42 (around 3 or fewer wrong for 99% or above: V45+). -Brian
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Re: About 5 million acres in the United States have been invaded by leafy [#permalink]
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19 Jun 2018, 09:01
a student recently asked me about this question. this question serves well to illustrate one of the most important features of GMAT SC: if you stay focused on FUNDAMENTALS — and stay aware of the common-sense INTENDED MEANING of the sentence (which you should always figure out as the very first step of any SC problem), you'll be able to solve the vast majority of SC problems — even the "hard" ones — without needing to consider anything beyond those basics. for this problem, all we need is overall structure, parallelism, and the usage of comma + __ing modifiers (= the single most commonly tested type of modifier in GMAT SC). . OVERALL STRUCTURE:the cue to think about overall structure is the difference between "HAVE been invaded" (a VERB), in choices A/B/C, and "HAVING been invaded" (a MODIFIER), in choices D/E. (if you see this kind of difference, then one version MUST be wrong. if the verb works, then the modifier will create a sentence fragment with no verb; if the modifier works, then the verb will create a run-on sentence with two verbs "stuck together".) here, choices D/E are not sentences — they're fragments, with no main verb. eliminate these. choices A/B/C, on the other hand, ARE constructed as legitimate complete sentences. . PARALLELISM & COMMA __ING modifiers:each of choices A/B/C puts different elements in parallel. these choices also construct the comma + __ing modifier differently. to decide which version is correct, we'll need to appeal to common-sense meaning. CHOICE A: in this choice, the comma + __ing modifier has two parts (which are written in parallel): " displacing grasses and other cattle food and rendering rangeland worthless". this modifier implies that BOTH of these __ing's modify "gives mouth sores to cattle" (the action of the preceding clause). this is NONSENSE — it's clearly not possible for "displacing grasses and other cattle food" to be any sort of reasonable description or immediate consequence of the mouth sores. eliminate. CHOICE B: this choice puts two actions in parallel: " gives mouth sores to cattle and displaces grasses and other cattle food". also, comma + "rendering rangeland worthless" modifies "displaces grasses and other cattle food" (= the preceding action). all of this MAKES SENSE!• the parallel verbs are two DIFFERENT/SEPARATE things that leafy spurge does; • "rendering rangeland worthless" is an IMMEDIATE CONSEQUENCE of the displacement of food, and thus makes sense as a modifier of that action. CORRECT ANSWERCHOICE C: this choice puts two modifiers in parallel: " having milky sap that gives mouth sores to cattle and displacing grasses and other cattle food". this is NONSENSE. in this sentence, the parallel elements SHOULD be the TWO ADVERSE ACTIONS of leafy spurge: • it gives mouth sores to cattle, • it displaces cattle food. these items are NONparallel here. instead, this choice uses a parallel structure to connect two items that just don't make any sense as "two bullet points". eliminate.
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