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CORRECT
1. During the eighteenth century, widespread changes in agriculture, known as the agrarian revolution
involved the large-scale in troduction of enclosed fields and of new farming techniques and crops
, and the substitution of commercial for subsistence farming.

Two different lists with two components each(Meaning wise makes sense)

INCORRECT
2. During the eighteenth century, widespread changes in agriculture, known as the agrarian revolution involved the large-scale introduction of enclosed fields, new farming techniques and crops and the substitution of commercial for subsistence farming.

One list with 3 components (Incorrect because same type of things should be compared in parallel structure ) and another list with two components which is fine

CORRECT
The discovery that Earth's inner core rotates independently of and more quickly than Earth's outer layers is responsible for advancing studies
of the flow of heat from the inner through the outer planet
and
of the formation and periodic reversal in direction of Earth's magnetic field.

INCORRECT
The discovery that Earth's inner core rotates independently of and more quickly than Earth's outer layers is responsible for advancing studies of
how heat from the inner core flows through the outer planet,
and
the formation and periodic reversal in direction of Earth's magnetic field.[/quote]

second list draws parallel between Clause and Phrase
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Hope you find this blog article by Mike helpful:

"The focus of many GMAT Sentence Correction questions is complex parallelism: the parallelism of two phrases (prepositional phrases, infinitive phrases, participial phrases, gerund phrases) or clauses (including substantive clauses). "
https://magoosh.com/gmat/verbal/sentenc ... orrection/
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Sentence would be correct only if all the four entities are in parallel to each other.
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The correct list of parallel elements is:
During the eighteenth century, widespread changes in agriculture, known as the agrarian revolution involved
the
- large-scale introduction
-- of enclosed fields
and
-- of new
---- farming techniques
and
---- crops
and
- the substitution of commercial for subsistence farming.

This is an example of double convolution.

The skeleton is as follows:
the large-scale introduction of A, and of new B and C, and the substitution of D.
The catch here is that B and C, which refer to farming techniques and crops, are new i.e. new farming techniques and NEW crops.
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