For the farmer who takes care to keep them cool, providing them with high-energy feed, and milking them regularly, Holstein cows are producing an average of 2,275 gallons of milk each per year.

A. providing them with high-energy feed, and milking them regularly, Holstein cows are producing
B. providing them with high-energy feed, and milked regularly, the Holstein cow produces
C. provided with high-energy feed, and milking them regularly, Holstein cows are producing
D. provided with high-energy feed, and milked regularly, the Holstein cow produces
E. provided with high-energy feed, and milked regularly, Holstein cows will produce


In all options, we have subject (Holstein cows/Holstein cow...) after comma. It indicates that we have a modifier, subject....construction

In A, modifier(providing .....and milking....) refers to somebody who is providing feed and milking regularly. This modifier does not refer to the cows. Eliminate

B and C are eliminated for the same reason

In D and E, modifier(provided feed ....and milked regularly.....) correctly refers to the cows.

Split between D and E is Holstein cow(single) and Holstein cows(plural)

The sentence ( the farmer who takes care to keep them cool) is talking about cows(them)

D is eliminated

So, E is correct
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A is wrong because of wrong usage of the present participle "providing". A present participle modifier such as this one refers to the subject of the adjacent clause. However here "farmer" is NOT the subject, but the object of preposition ("For the farmer"). In option A , "providing" wrongly refers to "Holstein cow".

The use of "will" is alright with conditional structure to depict a future event with no uncertainty.

What I don't understand in the question is how "cool",which is an adjective,go parallel with past participle such as provided and milked.Please help

For the farmer who takes care to keep them cool, providing them with high-energy feed, and milking them regularly, Holstein cows are producing an average of 2,275 gallons of milk each per year.

This is a core exercise on modification and pronoun reference. The first interpretation is that provided with comfort and milked are referring to the cows rather than to the farmers, as we would hurry up to think

A. providing them with high-energy feed, and milking them regularly, Holstein cows are producing -- providing and milking refer to cows. This is wrong modification and meaning.

B. providing them with high-energy feed, and milked regularly, the Holstein cow produces --1 pronoun- subject number error. 2. providing them refer to the cows --wrong modification as in A.
C. provided with high-energy feed, and milking them regularly, Holstein cows are producing -- milking them refers to the cows --wrong modification
D. provided with high-energy feed, and milked regularly, the Holstein cow produces -- the singular cow does not tally with the plural 'them' in the non-underlined part.
E. provided with high-energy feed, and milked regularly, Holstein cows will produce -- correct
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Hello duttarupam2344,

I will be glad to help you with this one.

The sentence does mention an average of 2,275 gallons of milk each per year. But it is not so that every cow will give this amount of milk. The sentence has an inherent sense of predictions.

Those cows who kept in certain conditions are expected to give this amount of milk. There is no certainty that they will do so for sure.



Hope this helps.
Thanks.
Shraddha
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Hi warrior1991 - sure. (I like the word oscillating. )

Scroll down to highlighted heading to read why (E) is correct.

I can see a few ways to approach this question.
Let me lay out two. I used conditionals first.
I double checked by examining verbs and logic.

Conditionals.
The logic of the sentence is cause and effect—conditional.
Cows produce milk FOR the farmer who takes care of the cows.
For which farmer do cows produce milk? For the farmer who takes care of the cows.
IF the farmer takes care of the cows, the cows produce milk.

I resolved in favor of E quickly by relying on conditional structures.
Verbs in conditionals are predictable and particular.**

-- IF clause in simple present = RESULT clause must be in simple present or simple future
In the non-underlined portion we are stuck with a farmer who must do at least one thing in present tense.
IF he takes care . . .
When the IF clause is in simple present, only two options are available for the result clause: simple present or simple future.

I looked at (A)'s result clause, cows are producing a lot of milk. No good.
are producing is present continuous progressive, not simple present or simple future.

(E)'s result clause? cows will produce a lot of milk. will produce = simple future tense
Option E's IF clause is in simple present. Its RESULT clause is in simple future. E wins.

Verbs and logic

• inspect the verbs and verbals:
which ones are verbs? which ones are not working verbs?

(A) For the farmer who takes care to keep them cool, providing them with high-energy feed, and milking them regularly, Holstein cows are producing a lot of milk.

In the non-underlined portion, the farmer needs to keep them [the cows] cool.
In A, what else belongs in the description of what the farmer must do?

providing [the cows] with high-energy feed
and
milking [the cows] regularly

This sentence is hella irritating.
cool refers to cows, whereas the ___ING words refer to the farmer.
(The cows are not providing themselves with feed or milking themselves.)
Is there any parallelism here?

At this point I diagrammed.

For the farmer
who keeps COWS cool
--- providing them with feed
--- and
--- milking them regularly
the cows are producing . . . .

That sentence is not logical.
It seems as if two ___ING words contribute somehow to keeping the cows cool.
Feeding and milking cows do not keep cows cool.
And the clause "cows are producing" is horrible.

Why not just "cows produce?" What is the point of "are producing"?
(Answer: there is no point. The verb choice is dumb.)

Maybe E is better. (It is.)

(E) For the farmer who takes care to keep them cool, provided with high-energy feed, and milked regularly, Holstein cows will produce a lot of milk.

Much better.
The trick? provided and milked are not verbs.

They are past participles (verbED) that describe . . . the cows, just as cool describes the cows.
We are in better shape already.

(E) the adjectives that describe the cows may be easier to see if I repeat things that are implied, this way:

For the farmer who takes care
-- to keep cows COOL
-- [to keep cows] PROVIDED WITH FEED, and
-- [to keep cows] MILKED,
the cows will produce . . .

Cool, provided, and milked are all adjectives that describe cows.
Better yet, the descriptors are logically separate.
The farmer must keep the cows X, Y, and Z, and then the cows will produce milk.

This sentence is hard. Its structure is odd.
If you still have questions, I'll be happy to try to help.


**
Zero-conditionals
• statements of fact/ general truths
• If THIS thing happens, then THAT thing happens
• IF clause in simple present, RESULT clause in simple present
• If it rains, the reservoir rises a little.

Type 1 conditionals
• predictions about reality
• If THIS thing happens, then THAT thing WILL happen
• IF clause in simple present, RESULT clause in simple future
• If you don't get out of bed, you will be late for work

This resource, here gives a quick overview of conditionals on the GMAT. Poking around on Google for an hour will help.
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kavach, your natural instinct would make you believe the highlighted portion above? I'm not sure that I understand the "trap" you mentioned.

I must be missing something. Try to explain to me why A is better than E.

If you believe that A is better than E, you must have reasons. What are they? (You will be forced to contend with meaning when you explain.)

Generally, let's think about what you are saying.

You naturally believe that feeding and milking a cow keeps the cow cool?

Okay. How does feeding and milking a cow keep a cow cool?

If you cannot explain how a process works, it probably doesn't.

To understand why Option E works and Option A does not, please read carefully the second bullet point in my post above,HERE.

Or are you saying that your mind does not question the logic of what you think are grammatically correct sentences?

If that situation is the case, then you have fallen into a bad habit of ignoring meaning.

Force yourself to write the meaning of every SC you practice before you pick an answer, and preferably before you look at answer choices as long as (A) is sensible. If not, use the other four to determine meaning. (Stop the timer).

The good news? You know that something is wrong. Now you can fix it.

I hope that answer helps.
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