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555-605 Level|   Meaning/Logical Predication|   Modifiers|   Subject Verb Agreement|   Verb Tense/Form|                                 
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Dear GMATNinja,


Your explanation for option C says that - "THAT" will modify "Slot".

However, as per my understanding, That will never modify any noun in the prepositional phrase. As a results IMO, that is modifying the plural "Fossils", therefore the same is incorrect.


Please correct me if i am wrong

Regards,
Rahul Gupta




GMATNinja
I’ve always had a soft spot for this question, just because it has such a wide variety of issues and errors. It also has an interesting little verb tense thing that really doesn’t matter at all: you could easily fixate on the difference between "was dated" (past tense) and "has/have been dated" (present perfect tense), but you don't have to choose between them at all. There are plenty of other issues to worry about instead.

Quote:
(A) sloth found in Puerto Rico in 1991, and dated at 34 million years old, made it the earliest known mammal of
The “it” (which presumably refers back to the sloth) is the first thing that jumps out at me. “Fossils of the arm of a sloth… made [the sloth] the earliest known mammal…” Huh? That makes no sense. How the heck would the fossils of a sloth make the sloth the earliest known mammal of the Greater Antilles?

The much smaller issue is that I see no real need for that first comma, but that’s unlikely to ever be a deciding factor on a GMAT question. But the nonsensical main clause is enough to wipe out (A).

Quote:
(B) sloth, that they found in Puerto Rico in 1991, has been dated at 34 million years old, thus making it the earliest mammal known on
This time, the pronoun “they” is the first thing that catches my eye. Who the heck is “they”? The fossils?

Plus, we have a subject-verb problem: “fossils… has been dated” is spectacularly wrong. (B) is gone.

Quote:
(C) sloth that was found in Puerto Rico in 1991, was dated at 34 million years old, making this the earliest known mammal of
Subject-verb fail again: “fossils… was dated.” Nope.

But there’s more: the phrase “that was found in Puerto Rico in 1991” seems to modify the sloth itself, and that makes no sense. Unless you think that the sloth had actually been alive for 34 million years. Maybe moving really slowly helps you live longer?

Finally, the word “this” is used as a singular pronoun, and that’s an unacceptable use of the word “this” on the GMAT. I’ve only ever seen “this” used as an article on the GMAT (“this week” or “this magnificent GMAT forum”), but never as a pronoun.

So we have lots of good reasons to eliminate (C).

Quote:
(D) sloth, found in Puerto Rico in 1991, have been dated at 34 million years old, making the sloth the earliest known mammal on
This one looks pretty good. The subject-verb agreement works: “fossils… have been dated at 34 million years old…” Cool. The modifier “found in Puerto Rico in 1991” is nicely set apart with commas, so it seems to refer to the entire phrase “fossils of the arm of a sloth”, and not just the sloth itself, as we saw in (C).

And the last part of the underlined portion (“making the sloth the earliest known mammal…”) actually names the sloth instead of using a pronoun, and that adds a bit of extra clarity. It might not be strictly necessary, but it’s nice. We can keep (D).


Quote:
(E) sloth which, found in Puerto Rico in 1991, was dated at 34 million years old, made the sloth the earliest known mammal of
Thanks to the modifier “which”, which typically modifies the immediately preceding noun, it really sounds like the sloth itself was found in Puerto Rico in 1991, and that makes no sense. (I also can’t make much sense of the comma placement in that part of the sentence, but again, comma placement isn’t really a major emphasis on GMAT SC.)

We also have the same problem that we had in (A): “fossils… made the sloth the earliest known mammal…” That’s nonsense, too.

So we can ditch (E), and (D) is our answer.
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RAHUL_GMAT
Dear GMATNinja,


Your explanation for option C says that - "THAT" will modify "Slot".

However, as per my understanding, That will never modify any noun in the prepositional phrase. As a results IMO, that is modifying the plural "Fossils", therefore the same is incorrect.


Please correct me if i am wrong

Regards,
Rahul Gupta
There is nothing inherently wrong with using "that" to modify a noun in a prepositional phrase (remember, there are very few concrete, black and white "rules" that you can blindly apply to GMAT SC). For example:

    "I created a cartoon of a shark that lives in the ocean." - The "that" clauses clearly modifies the "shark" (the cartoon probably doesn't live in the ocean!).

Is it possible for a noun modifier to reach behind a preposition phrase? Yes (check out this post for more on that), but noun modifiers usually point to the immediately preceding noun (as described in here).

Back to choice (C): if the "that" clause DOES refer to "fossils", then we have a subject-verb agreement error (we would need, "fossils that WERE found..."). And it doesn't make sense for the "that" clause to modify sloth (as explained in this post).

Either way, (C) has to go!
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I’ve always had a soft spot for this question, just because it has such a wide variety of issues and errors. It also has an interesting little verb tense thing that really doesn’t matter at all: you could easily fixate on the difference between "was dated" (past tense) and "has/have been dated" (present perfect tense), but you don't have to choose between them at all. There are plenty of other issues to worry about instead.

Quote:
(A) sloth found in Puerto Rico in 1991, and dated at 34 million years old, made it the earliest known mammal of
The “it” (which presumably refers back to the sloth) is the first thing that jumps out at me. “Fossils of the arm of a sloth… made [the sloth] the earliest known mammal…” Huh? That makes no sense. How the heck would the fossils of a sloth make the sloth the earliest known mammal of the Greater Antilles?

The much smaller issue is that I see no real need for that first comma, but that’s unlikely to ever be a deciding factor on a GMAT question. But the nonsensical main clause is enough to wipe out (A).

Quote:
(B) sloth, that they found in Puerto Rico in 1991, has been dated at 34 million years old, thus making it the earliest mammal known on
This time, the pronoun “they” is the first thing that catches my eye. Who the heck is “they”? The fossils?

Plus, we have a subject-verb problem: “fossils… has been dated” is spectacularly wrong. (B) is gone.

Quote:
(C) sloth that was found in Puerto Rico in 1991, was dated at 34 million years old, making this the earliest known mammal of
Subject-verb fail again: “fossils… was dated.” Nope.

But there’s more: the phrase “that was found in Puerto Rico in 1991” seems to modify the sloth itself, and that makes no sense. Unless you think that the sloth had actually been alive for 34 million years. Maybe moving really slowly helps you live longer?

Finally, the word “this” is used as a singular pronoun, and that’s an unacceptable use of the word “this” on the GMAT. I’ve only ever seen “this” used as an article on the GMAT (“this week” or “this magnificent GMAT forum”), but never as a pronoun.

So we have lots of good reasons to eliminate (C).

Quote:
(D) sloth, found in Puerto Rico in 1991, have been dated at 34 million years old, making the sloth the earliest known mammal on
This one looks pretty good. The subject-verb agreement works: “fossils… have been dated at 34 million years old…” Cool. The modifier “found in Puerto Rico in 1991” is nicely set apart with commas, so it seems to refer to the entire phrase “fossils of the arm of a sloth”, and not just the sloth itself, as we saw in (C).

And the last part of the underlined portion (“making the sloth the earliest known mammal…”) actually names the sloth instead of using a pronoun, and that adds a bit of extra clarity. It might not be strictly necessary, but it’s nice. We can keep (D).


Quote:
(E) sloth which, found in Puerto Rico in 1991, was dated at 34 million years old, made the sloth the earliest known mammal of
Thanks to the modifier “which”, which typically modifies the immediately preceding noun, it really sounds like the sloth itself was found in Puerto Rico in 1991, and that makes no sense. (I also can’t make much sense of the comma placement in that part of the sentence, but again, comma placement isn’t really a major emphasis on GMAT SC.)

We also have the same problem that we had in (A): “fossils… made the sloth the earliest known mammal…” That’s nonsense, too.

So we can ditch (E), and (D) is our answer.

But, (D) refers "sloth", which made the deciding factor to eliminate (A)?
Or maybe we want to say the sloth in general, whereas "it" refers back to sloth which was found? I may be incorrect.

And how (A), has a non-essential modifier "and dated back..." since it has a coordinating conjunction, it doesn't seems like a non-essential modifier?
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(D) sloth, found in Puerto Rico in 1991, have been dated at 34 million years old, making the sloth the earliest known mammal on

In this choice, the verb-ing modifier "making the sloth ..." is modifying either
Subject => "Fossils of the arm of the sloth" OR "Fossils"
Action => "the entire clause"

In all these cases, verb-ing modifier should make sense with the subject of the clause i.e., fossils.

But how can fossils make the sloth the earliest known mammal?
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vishaldhawan
(D) sloth, found in Puerto Rico in 1991, have been dated at 34 million years old, making the sloth the earliest known mammal on

In this choice, the verb-ing modifier "making the sloth ..." is modifying either
Subject => "Fossils of the arm of the sloth" OR "Fossils"
Action => "the entire clause"

In all these cases, verb-ing modifier should make sense with the subject of the clause i.e., fossils.

But how can fossils make the sloth the earliest known mammal?
You need to be slightly nimble with your understanding Vishal.

Fossils do make the sloth the earliest known mammal, in the sense that there was something unique about these fossils (that these fossils are 34 million years old), resulting in the conclusion that the sloth (whose fossils these are) is the earliest known mammal on the Greater Antilles islands.
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Has or have been is used when an act starts in the past and progresses to the present can you explain the usage here please
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VS1412
Has or have been is used when an act starts in the past and progresses to the present can you explain the usage here please
Hi VS1412, you might be confusing this with present perfect continuous.

For example:

Peter has been living in US.

This is present perfect continuous (continuous indicated by the -ing form living in this case) and indicates that an act starts in the past and progresses to the present.

On the other hand, if the sentence is in present perfect:

Peter has lived in US.

This does not necessarily mean that Peter is still in US.

Similarly, have been dated, as used in this sentence, is present perfect (and not present perfect continuous).

You can watch our video on Present Perfect.
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nakib77
Fossils of the arm of a sloth found in Puerto Rico in 1991, and dated at 34 million years old, made it the earliest known mammal of the Greater Antilles islands.


(A) sloth found in Puerto Rico in 1991, and dated at 34 million years old, made it the earliest known mammal of

(B) sloth, that they found in Puerto Rico in 1991, has been dated at 34 million years old, thus making it the earliest mammal known on

(C) sloth that was found in Puerto Rico in 1991, was dated at 34 million years old, making this the earliest known mammal of

(D) sloth, found in Puerto Rico in 1991, have been dated at 34 million years old, making the sloth the earliest known mammal on

(E) sloth which, found in Puerto Rico in 1991, was dated at 34 million years old, made the sloth the earliest known mammal of


Verbal Question of The Day: Day 146: Sentence Correction


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https://www.nytimes.com/1996/04/16/science/mammal-bones-found-in-amber-for-first-time.html

Fossils of the arm of a sloth, found in Puerto Rico five years ago, have been dated at 34 million years old, making it the earliest known mammal on the islands and presumably an inhabitant at the time of the hypothesized separation, Dr. MacPhee said. The age of the amber-preserved mammal, though not precise, could be further evidence of when these migrations occurred, particularly of when they might have ended.


I have two confusions.
Does "have been" Indicate past?

For option E if the "was" became "were" will option be the right answer?
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HIKER80
Does "have been" Indicate past?
Hi! have been indicates present perfect tense.

You can watch our video on Present Perfect.

Quote:
For option E if the "was" became "were" will option be the right answer?
No. At the very least, an and should have been present before made, to even make it a complete sentence;

Fossils...were dated at 34 million years old, and made....
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lakshya14
But, (D) refers "sloth", which made the deciding factor to eliminate (A)?
Or maybe we want to say the sloth in general, whereas "it" refers back to sloth which was found? I may be incorrect.

And how (A), has a non-essential modifier "and dated back..." since it has a coordinating conjunction, it doesn't seems like a non-essential modifier?
Here's (D) as a whole:

Quote:
(D) Fossils of the arm of a sloth, found in Puerto Rico in 1991, have been dated at 34 million years old, making the sloth the earliest known mammal on Greater Antilles islands.
The -ing modifer starting with "making" modifies the entire preceding clause. In other words, the fact that the fossils have been dated at 34 million years old is the thing making the sloth the earliest known mammal on Greater Antilles islands.

That makes sense, so there's no meaning issue in (D).

Compare that to (A):

Quote:
Fossils of the arm of a sloth found in Puerto Rico in 1991, and dated at 34 million years old, made it the earliest known mammal of the Greater Antilles islands.
Here we've got a subject ("fossils") and two modifiers ("found" and "dated"), and then we go right into our main verb ("made"). In this sentence, the fossils themselves made the sloth the earliest known mammal -- which doesn't really work. The meaning is off in (A).

And you're right that there is something funky about the modifier ", and dated back..." in (A). Generally speaking, you can use a comma+and if you've listed three or more things in a row (e.g., "I like pina coladas, getting lost in the rain, and listening to cheesy music"). You would not, on the other hand, use a comma+and if you're just listing two things (e.g., "I like pina coladas and getting lost in the rain"). (Mmm... pina coladas. :-P )

There are only two things listed in this case, so there is no need for a comma before before "and dated." However, an extra comma isn't always treated as an error on the GMAT. For example, in this official question there is an "extra" comma in the correct answer choice.

Between the meaning issue and the comma, your best bet is to focus on the meaning issue. You can drive yourself crazy trying to check whether every comma in an SC sentence is correctly placed, and it's not worth the time. Instead, focus on higher-value errors and the meaning of the sentence.

I hope that helps!
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EMPOWERgmatVerbal daagh egmat EducationAisle

Could you please elaborate on the "On" vs. "Off" idiom issue. When is either of them preferable and why is "on" the correct idiom here or would this be a non-issue here?

Thanks
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fireagablast
The issue i have with the explanation is that the "it" is not "the sloth", but rather "fossils of the arm of a sloth".
Hi fireagablast, it cannot refer to fossils, since the pronoun it can only refer to singular nouns (while fossils is obviously plural).

p.s. Our book EducationAisle Sentence Correction Nirvana discusses Pronoun eligibility. Have attached the corresponding section of the book, for your reference.
Attachments

Pronous eligible antecedents.pdf [13.47 KiB]
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VS1412
Has or have been is used when an act starts in the past and progresses to the present can you explain the usage here please
Hi VS1412, you might be confusing this with present perfect continuous.

For example:

Peter has been living in US.

This is present perfect continuous (continuous indicated by the -ing form living in this case) and indicates that an act starts in the past and progresses to the present.

On the other hand, if the sentence is in present perfect:

Peter has lived in US.

This does not necessarily mean that Peter is still in US.


Similarly, have been dated, as used in this sentence, is present perfect (and not present perfect continuous).

You can watch our video on Present Perfect.
EducationAisle
Present perfect: Present perfect is something which started in the past but still exist.
So, from the definition, it seems that 'Peter still lives in US', isn't it?
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TargetMBA007
EMPOWERgmatVerbal daagh egmat EducationAisle

Could you please elaborate on the "On" vs. "Off" idiom issue. When is either of them preferable and why is "on" the correct idiom here or would this be a non-issue here?

Thanks

Thanks for your question TargetMBA007!

In this case, the issue has more to do with intended meaning than strict idiom format:

...the earliest known mammal of the Greater Antilles islands. = The mammals somehow belong to/are owned by the island. It may also suggest that the people living on the island own the mammals, which is also problematic.
...the earliest known mammal on the Greater Antilles islands. = The mammals belong to no one - they just live there.

It makes a lot more sense to say that the mammals live there, rather than saying the islands/people own them. This would allow you to eliminate options A, C, & E.

We hope that helps! Please keep tagging us at EMPOWERgmatVerbal if you have any other questions!
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TheUltimateWinner
Present perfect: Present perfect is something which started in the past but still exist.
Hi TheUltimateWinner, I am not clear what you imply by still exist.

For example:

Michael has completed his homework.

To me, this very clearly indicates that at some unspecified time in the past, Michael completed his homework!
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VS1412
Has or have been is used when an act starts in the past and progresses to the present can you explain the usage here please
Hi VS1412, you might be confusing this with present perfect continuous.

For example:

Peter has been living in US.

This is present perfect continuous (continuous indicated by the -ing form living in this case) and indicates that an act starts in the past and progresses to the present.

On the other hand, if the sentence is in present perfect:

Peter has lived in US.

This does not necessarily mean that Peter is still in US.


Similarly, have been dated, as used in this sentence, is present perfect (and not present perfect continuous).

You can watch our video on Present Perfect.
EducationAisle
Present perfect: Present perfect is something which started in the past but still exist.
So, from the definition, it seems that 'Peter still lives in US', isn't it?
EducationAisle
From the highlighted example, I just want to mean that 'Peter is still in the US'.
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TheUltimateWinner
From the highlighted example, I just want to mean that 'Peter is still in the US'.
Hi TheUltimateWinner, you are saying this with such confidence, as if you know Peter ;)

Well..well....I am afraid that Peter has lived in US does not necessarily mean that Peter is still in the US.

It could as well mean that at some unspecified time in the past, Peter lived in the US (but does not live there anymore).

If the intent is to state that Peter is still in the US, we will state it as such (in Simple Present tense):

Peter lives in the US.

Or in Present Perfect continuous tense:

Peter has been living in the US for 5 years.
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